Biography war in iraq casualties

Further information: Economy of Iraq. Radioactive contamination. Impact on the Global War on Terrorism. Main article: Iraq War and the War on Terror. Main article: Criticism of the Iraq War. States participating in the invasion of Iraq. States in support of an invasion. States in opposition to an invasion. States with an uncertain or no official standpoint.

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Main article: Iranian involvement in the Iraq War. Further information: Iraq-Israel relations. Main article: Outline of the Iraq War. This brings the total of US fatalities in the Iraq War to 4, The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 August Retrieved 13 September Archived from the biography war in iraq casualties on 4 February Retrieved 9 December Scarecrow Press.

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Biography war in iraq casualties: In the years since,

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Biography war in iraq casualties: The war led to an estimated

Retrieved 19 August Retrieved 19 December Formally Begins a New Era in Iraq". Deaths Are First for U. After Combat Mission's End". Advise and Assist Brigade arrives under New Dawn". Category Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item. Biography portal Iraq portal Modern history portal.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iraq War casualties. The main article for this category is Casualties of the Iraq War. Subcategories This category has the following 6 subcategories, out of 6 total. It estimated 24, war-related violent deaths by May with a 95 percent confidence interval from 18, to 29, This study did not attempt to measure what portion of its estimate was made up of civilians or combatants.

It would include Iraqi military killed during the invasion, as well as "insurgents" or other fighters thereafter. The October Lancet study [ ] done by public health experts from Johns Hopkins University and published on October 29,in The Lancet medical journal, estimated that"excess" Iraqi deaths from all causes had occurred since the U.

To arrive at these excess death figures, a survey was taken from Iraqi households in 33 clusters throughout Iraq, in which the residents were asked how many people lived there and how many births and deaths there had been since the war began. They then compared the death rate with the average from the 15 months before the war. Iraqis were found to be 1.

This figure excluded data from one cluster in Fallujawhich was deemed too much of an outlier for inclusion in the national estimate. If it included data from Falluja, which showed a higher rate of violent deaths than the other 32 clusters combined, the increased death rate would be raised from 1. The Iraqi non-governmental organisation, Iraqiyun, estimateddeaths from the invasion until July Hatim al-'Alwani.

He said 55 percent of those killed were women, and children aged 12 and under. The UPI article reported: "Iraqiyun obtained data from relatives and families of the deceased, as well as from Iraqi hospitals in all the country's provinces. Thefigure only includes those whose relatives have been informed of their deaths and does not include those were abducted, assassinated or simply disappeared.

Davies wrote: "The report specified that it included only confirmed deaths reported to relatives, omitting significant numbers of people who had simply disappeared without trace amid the violence and chaos. The October Lancet study by Gilbert Burnham of Johns Hopkins University and co-authors [ 32 ] [ 33 ] estimated total excess deaths civilian and non-civilian related to the war ofexcess deaths up to July The study was based on surveys conducted between May 20 and July 10, Those estimates were far higher than other available tallies at the time.

The Burnham et al. A number of peer-reviewed studies criticized the Lancet study on the basis of its methodology and exaggerated casualty numbers. A study in the Journal of Peace Research found that the Lancet study may have considerably overestimated Iraq War casualties, that the study made "unusual" methodological choices, and called on the Lancet study authors to make all of their data available.

Michael Spagat criticized the Lancet study in a article for the journal Defence and Peace Economics. Spagat wrote that he found "some evidence relating to data fabrication and falsification" and "this evidence suggests that this survey cannot be considered a reliable or valid contribution towards knowledge about the extent of mortality in Iraq since ".

The Iraq Family Health Survey published by WHO researchers in The New England Journal of Medicine found that the Lancet study results "considerably overestimated the number of violent deaths" and that the results are highly improbable. Burnham, Edward J. Mills, and Frederick M. Timothy R. Gulden considered it implausible that fewer than one-third of these excess deaths would have been violent in nature.

Francisco J. Luquero and Rebecca F. Grais argued that the IFHS's lengthy survey and use of IBC data as a proxy for particularly dangerous areas likely resulted in an underestimate of violent mortality, while Gulden hypothesized that respondents may have been reluctant to report violent deaths to researchers working with the Iraqi government.

The excess deaths reported by Burnham et al. A graph in the Lancet article purportedly demonstrating that its conclusions are in line with violence trends measured by the IBC and Defense Department used cherry-picked data and had two Y-axes; [ ] [ ] the authors conceded that the graph was flawed, but the Lancet never retracted it. In early November Iraq's Health Minister Ali al-Shemari said that he estimated betweenandpeople had been killed since the March U.

Abdul-Razzaq al-Obaidi said those deaths did not include victims of violence whose bodies were taken to the city's many hospital morgues or those who were removed from attack scenes by relatives and quickly buried according to Muslim custom. From a November 9,International Herald Tribune article: [ 35 ]. Each day we lost persons, that means per month 3, per year it's 36, plus or minus 10 percent", al-Shemari said.

He said the figures were compiled by counting bodies brought to "forensic institutes" or hospitals. From a November 11,Taipei Times article: [ 36 ]. An official with the ministry also confirmed the figure yesterday [November 10, ]but later said that the estimated deaths ranged betweenandHe said between ,—, people were killed in three-and-a-half years", the official said.

ABC News reported: "One in six says someone in their own household has been harmed. That ranges from three in 10 in the Kurdish provinces to, in Baghdad, nearly eight in The methodology was described thus: "This poll The results have a 2. There was a field staff of Iraqis in all. That included interviewers, interviewing selected respondents at locales across the country.

Question 35 asked: "Have you or an immediate family member — by which I mean someone living in this household — been physically harmed by the violence that is occurring in the country at this time? These results were based on a survey of 1, adults in Iraq from August 12—19, Some additional interviews were undertaken and as a result of this the death estimate was revised to 1, with a given range ofto 1, Participants of the ORB survey were asked the following question: "How many members of your household, if any, have died as a result of the conflict in Iraq since ie as a result of violence rather than a natural death such as old age?

Please note that I mean those who were actually living under your roof. This ORB estimate has been strongly criticised as exaggerated and ill-founded in peer reviewed literature. Aronson, "Because this was a number that few people could take seriously given the incredible magnitude of violence that would have had to take place daily for such a number to be even remotely possiblethe ORB study has largely been ignored.

In Aprilthe Associated Press reported that Iraq Health Ministry had recorded via death certificates issued by hospitals and morgues a total of 87, violent deaths of Iraqi citizens between January 1,and February 28, The number excludes thousands of missing persons and civilians whose deaths were unrecorded; the government official who provided the data told the AP that if included, the number of dead for that period would be 10 to 20 percent higher.

The Associated Press used the Health Ministry tally and other data including counts of casualties for —, and after March 1,from hospital sources and media reports, in major part the Iraq Body Count to estimate that more thanIraqis were killed from the start of the war to April Experts interviewed by the AP found this estimate to be credible and an "important baseline" although necessarily an estimate because of unrecorded deaths, especially in inaccessible areas.

While mass graves discovered over time shed more light on deaths in the Iraq War, the AP noted that "how many remain will never be known. A study by Hagopian et al. A study by Spagat and Van Weezel replicated the study by Hagopian et al. In December President Bush said there were 30, Iraqi dead. White House spokesman Scott McClellan later said it was "not an official government estimate", and was based on media reports.

Fora January 2,Associated Press article reports: "The tabulation by the Iraqi ministries of Health, Defence and Interior, showed that 14, civilians, 1, police and soldiers had been killed in the violence that raged across the country last year. The Associated Press figure, gleaned from daily news reports from Baghdad, arrived at a total of 13, deaths.

Nor do they include many people kidnapped whose fate remains unknown. A June 25,Los Angeles Times article, "War's Iraqi Death Toll Tops 50,", [ ] reported that their estimate of violent deaths consisted "mostly of civilians" but probably also included security forces and insurgents. It added that, "Many more Iraqis are believed to have been killed but not counted because of serious lapses in recording deaths in the chaotic first year after the invasion, when there was no functioning Iraqi government, and continued spotty reporting nationwide since.

Together, the toll reaches 49, However, samples obtained from local health departments in other provinces show an undercount that brings the total well beyond 50, The figure also does not include deaths outside Baghdad in the first year of the invasion. A review of Iraqi death estimates concluded thatdeaths between and likely undercounted total mortality: [ ].

Studies assessed as the highest quality, those using population-based methods, yielded the highest estimates Our review indicates that, despite varying estimates, the mortality burden of the war and its sequelae on Iraq is large Of the population-based studies, the Roberts and Burnham studies provided the most rigorous methodology as their primary outcome was mortality A review came to similar conclusions, [ ] stating that estimates of very high Iraqi casualties published in the journal Lancet are.

According to a review by Keith Krause of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland"the consensus seems to be that aroundpeople died violently as a result of the fighting between and Some studies estimating the casualties due to the war in Iraq say there are various reasons why the estimates and counts may be low.

Morgue workers have alleged that official numbers underestimate the death toll. In addition, death figures are reported through multiple biographies war in iraq casualties by government agencies that function with varying efficiency. A January 31, Perspective in the New England Journal of Medicine contains the following discussion of undercounting Iraqi civilian casualties in household surveys:.

If the clustering of violent deaths wasn't accurately captured, that could also increase uncertainty. The sampling frame was based on a count, but the population has been changing rapidly and dramatically because of sectarian violence, the flight of refugees, and overall population migration. Another source of bias in biography war in iraq casualties surveys is underreporting due to the dissolution of some households after a death, so that no one remains to tell the former inhabitants' story.

The Washington Post noted in that. One reason is that some families that have suffered violent deaths leave the survey area. Some people are kidnapped and disappear, and others turn up months or years later in mass graves. Some are buried or otherwise disposed of without being recorded. In particularly violent areas, local governments have effectively ceased to function, and there are ineffective channels for collecting and passing information between hospitals, morgues and the central government.

The October Lancet study [ 32 ] [ 33 ] states:. In several outbreaks, disease and death recorded by facility-based methods underestimated events by a factor of ten or more when compared with population-based estimates. Juan Cole wrote in October that even though heavy fighting could be observed, none of the Iraqi casualties in the skirmishes were reported on, which suggests undercounting.

A July 28,opinion piece by Robert Fisk published by The Independent reports that "some families bury their dead without notifying the authorities. Stephen Soldzwho runs the website "Iraq Occupation and Resistance Report"wrote in a February 5,article: [ ]. Areas of insurgent control, which are likely to be subject to US and Iraqi government attack, for example most of Anbar province, are simply off-limits to these reporters.

Thus, the realities of reporting imply that reporters will be witness to a larger fraction of deaths due to insurgents and a lesser proportion of deaths due to US and Iraqi government forces. An October 19,The Washington Post article [ ] reports:. The deaths reported by officials and published in the news media represent only a fraction of the thousands of mutilated bodies winding up in Baghdad's overcrowded morgue each month.

Bodies are increasingly being dumped in and around Baghdad in fields staked out by individual Shiite militias and Sunni insurgent groups. Iraqi security forces often refuse to go to the dumping grounds, leaving the precise number of bodies in those sites unknown. Civilian deaths, unlike those of American troops, often go unrecorded.

The Australian reported in January that Iraqi government casualty estimates do not count deaths classed as 'criminal', deaths of civilians who get wounded and die later from the wounds, or kidnap victims who have not been found. The Iraq Body Count project IBC stated in November that "we have always been quite explicit that our own total is certain to be an underestimate of the true position, because of gaps in reporting or recording".

An April article by The Independent [ ] reports:. A week before she was killed by a suicide bomber, humanitarian worker Marla Ruzicka forced military commanders to admit they did keep records of Iraqi civilians killed by US forces. She obtained figures for the number of civilians killed in Baghdad between February 28 and April 5 [], and discovered that 29 had been killed in firefights involving US forces and insurgents.

This was four times the number of Iraqi police killed. By excluding that data, U. A murder of an Iraqi is not necessarily counted as an attack. If we cannot determine the source of a sectarian attack, that assault does not make it into the database. A roadside bomb or a rocket or mortar attack that doesn't hurt U. In MayAssociated Press completed a survey [ ] of the biographies war in iraq casualties in Baghdad and surrounding provinces.

The survey tallied violent deaths from May 1,when President Bush declared an end to major combat operations, through April 30, In Baghdad, a city of about 5. There were a lot of police on the streets and there were no illegal weapons", he said during an AP reporter's visit to the morgue. There is crime, revenge killings, so much violence.

The cause of death in such cases is obvious so bodies are usually not taken to the morgue, but given directly to victims' families. Also, the bodies of killed fighters from groups like the al-Mahdi Army are rarely taken to morgues. Accidental trauma deaths from car accidents, falls, etc. The article states that there were 3. Morgues surveyed in other parts of Iraq also reported large increases in the number of homicides.

Karbalasouth of Baghdad, increased from an average of one homicide per month in to an average of 55 per month in the year following the invasion; in Tikritnorth of Baghdad, where there were no homicides inthe rate had grown to an average of 17 per month; in the northern province of Kirkukthe rate had increased from 3 per month in to 34 per month in the survey period.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item. See also: Casualties of the Iraqi insurgency —present. Iraq War Outline. List of bombings during the Iraq War. Tables [ edit ]. Additional statistics for the Iraq War [ edit ].

Overview of casualties by type. Graph of monthly wounded in action of U. Iraqi invasion casualties [ edit ]. Iraqi civilian casualties [ edit ]. Civilian deaths by perpetrator [ edit ]. IBC table of violent civilian deaths [ edit ]. People's Kifah [ edit ]. Iraqi refugees crisis [ edit ]. Main article: Refugees of Iraq. Coalition military casualties [ edit ].

Troops fallen ill, injured, or wounded [ edit ]. Accidents and negligence [ edit ]. Nightline controversy [ edit ]. Amputees [ edit ]. Traumatic brain injuries [ edit ]. Mental illness and suicide [ edit ]. Iraqi insurgent casualties [ edit ]. Main article: List of bombings during the Iraq War. Contractor casualties [ edit ]. Health outcomes [ edit ].

Total Iraqi casualties [ edit ]. Iraq Living Conditions Survey [ edit ]. Lancet [ edit ]. Main article: Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties. Iraqiyun estimate [ edit ]. Iraq Health Minister estimate [ edit ]. United Nations [ edit ]. D3 Systems poll [ edit ]. The Associated Press and Health Ministry [ edit ]. PLOS Medicine [ edit ].

Some media estimates [ edit ]. Reviews [ edit ]. Undercounting [ edit ]. Underreporting by U. Casualties caused by criminal and political violence [ edit ]. See also [ edit ]. References [ edit ]. October 8—14, The Lancet. PMC PMID Indeed, it has been challenging to accurately document the number of casualties from wars and deaths resulting from malnutrition, infections, or disruption in health services during wars.

Biography war in iraq casualties: American military casualties in

October 16—22, However, during times of war, we should remember that evidence from systematic household cluster sampling suggests that most excess deaths, and, by extension, most demands for intensive care, do not arise from violence but from medical disorders resulting from the breakdown of public health infrastructure eg, choleraor from the discontinuation of treatment of chronic diseases caused by interruption of pharmaceutical supplies.

March 7, Conflict and Health. Of the population-based studies, the Roberts and Burnham studies provided the most rigorous methodology as their primary outcome was mortality. Their methodology is similar to the consensus methods of the SMART initiative, a series of methodological recommendations for conducting research in humanitarian emergencies.

Some of these criticisms refer to the type of sampling, duration of interviews, the potential for reporting bias, the reliability of its pre-war estimates, and a lack of reproducibility. The study authors have acknowledged their study limitations and responded to these criticisms in detail elsewhere. They now also provide their data for reanalysis to qualified groups for further review, if requested.

This account, however, is problematic as it relies solely on news reports that would likely considerably underestimate the total mortality. October 15, PLOS Medicine. March Annual Review of Public Health. S2CID Although the Roberts and Burnham studies faced some criticism in the news media and elsewhere, part of which may have been politically motivated, these studies have been widely viewed among peers as the most rigorous investigations of Iraq War—related mortality among Iraqi civilians; we agree with this assessment and believe that the Hagopian study is also scientifically rigorous.

Although the methodology and results in the four studies cited here have varied somewhat, it is clear that the Iraq War caused, directly and indirectly, a very large number of deaths among Iraqi civilians—which, in fact, may have been underestimated by these scientifically conservative studies. A paper by Tapp and colleagues and a recent report by three country affiliates of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War have extensively reviewed these four epidemiological studies as well as other studies that attempted to assess the impact of the Iraq War on morbidity and mortality.

April 24,