Pandit satyadev dubey biography of mahatma gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi [ c ] 2 October — 30 January [ 2 ] was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. He inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Born and raised in a Hindu family in coastal GujaratGandhi trained in the law at the Inner Temple in London and was called to the bar at the age of After two uncertain years in India, where he was unable to start a successful law practice, Gandhi moved to South Africa in to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit.

He went on to live in South Africa for 21 years. Here, Gandhi raised a family and first employed nonviolent resistance in a campaign for civil rights. Inaged 45, he returned to India and soon set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against discrimination and excessive land tax. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress inGandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchabilityand, above all, achieving swaraj or self-rule.

Gandhi adopted the short dhoti woven with hand-spun yarn as a mark of identification with India's rural poor. He began to live in a self-sufficient residential communityto eat simple food, and undertake long fasts as a means of both introspection and political protest. Bringing anti-colonial nationalism to the common Indians, Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the km mi Dandi Salt March in and in calling for the British to quit India in He was imprisoned many times and for many years in both South Africa and India.

Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism was challenged in the early s by a Muslim nationalism which demanded a separate homeland for Muslims within British India. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. Abstaining from the official celebration of independenceGandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to alleviate distress.

In the months following, he undertook several hunger strikes to stop the religious violence. The last of these was begun in Delhi on 12 Januarywhen Gandhi was The belief that Gandhi had been too resolute in his defence of both Pakistan and Indian Muslims spread among some Hindus in India. Among these was Nathuram Godsea militant Hindu nationalist from Punewestern India, who assassinated Gandhi by firing three bullets into his chest at an interfaith prayer meeting in Delhi on 30 January Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayantia national holidayand worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence.

Gandhi is considered to be the Father of the Nation in post-colonial India. During India's nationalist movement and in several decades immediately after, he was also commonly called Bapuan endearment roughly meaning "father". Gandhi's father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi —served as the dewan chief minister of Porbandar state. During his tenure, Karamchand married four times.

His first two wives died young, after each had given birth to a daughter, and his third marriage was childless. InKaramchand sought his third wife's permission to remarry; that year, he married Putlibai —who also came from Junagadh, [ 6 ] and was from a Pranami Vaishnava family. InGandhi's father, Karamchand, pandit satyadev dubey biography of mahatma gandhi Porbandar for the smaller state of Rajkotwhere he became a counsellor to its ruler, the Thakur Sahib; though Rajkot was a less prestigious state than Porbandar, the British regional political agency was located there, which gave the state's diwan a measure of security.

Karamchand's family then rejoined him in Rajkot. As a child, Gandhi was described by his sister Raliat as "restless as mercury, either playing or roaming about. One of his favourite pastimes was twisting dogs' ears. In his autobiography, Gandhi states that they left an indelible impression on his mind. Gandhi writes: "It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number.

The family's religious background was eclectic. Mohandas was born into a Gujarati Hindu Modh Bania family. To keep two or three consecutive fasts was nothing to her. At the age of nine, Gandhi entered the local school in Rajkotnear his home. There, he studied the rudiments of arithmetic, history, the Gujarati language and geography.

In Maythe year-old Gandhi was married to year-old Kasturbai Gokuldas Kapadia her first name was usually shortened to "Kasturba", and affectionately to "Ba" in an arranged marriageaccording to the custom of the region at that time. Recalling the day of their marriage, Gandhi once said, "As we didn't know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives.

Writing many years later, Gandhi described with regret the lustful feelings he felt for his young bride: "Even at school I used to think of her, and the thought of nightfall and our subsequent meeting was ever haunting me. In lateGandhi's father, Karamchand, died. Many decades later, Gandhi wrote "if animal passion had not blinded me, I should have been spared the torture of separation from my father during his last moments.

The two deaths anguished Gandhi. In Novemberthe year-old Gandhi graduated from high school in Ahmedabad. However, Gandhi dropped out and returned to his family in Porbandar. Outside school, Gandhi's education was enriched by exposure to Gujarati literature, especially reformers like Narmad and Govardhanram Tripathiwhose works alerted the Gujaratis to their own faults and weaknesses such as belief in religious dogmatism.

Gandhi had dropped out of the cheapest college he could afford in Bombay. Gandhi's uncle Tulsidas also tried to dissuade his nephew, but Gandhi wanted to go. To persuade his wife and mother, Gandhi made a vow in front of his mother that he would abstain from meat, alcohol, and women. Gandhi's brother, Laxmidas, who was already a lawyer, cheered Gandhi's London studies plan and offered to support him.

Putlibai gave Gandhi her permission and blessing. A local newspaper covering the farewell function by his old high school in Rajkot noted that Gandhi was the first Bania from Kathiawar to proceed to England for his Barrister Examination. Despite Gandhi informing them of his promise to his mother and her blessings, Gandhi was excommunicated from his caste.

Gandhi ignored this, and on 4 September, he sailed from Bombay to London, with his brother seeing him off. Gandhi retained these traits when he arrived in London, but joined a public speaking practice group and overcame his shyness sufficiently to practise law.

Pandit satyadev dubey biography of mahatma gandhi: When Dubey came to Mumbai in

Gandhi demonstrated a keen interest in the welfare of London's impoverished dockland communities. Ina bitter trade dispute broke out in London, with dockers striking for better pay and conditions, and seamen, shipbuilders, factory girls and other joining the strike in solidarity. The strikers were successful, in part due to the mediation of Cardinal Manningleading Gandhi and an Indian friend to make a point of visiting the cardinal and thanking him for his work.

His vow to his mother influenced Gandhi's time in London. Gandhi tried to adopt "English" customs, including taking dancing lessons. They encouraged Gandhi to join them in reading the Bhagavad Gita both in translation as well as in the original. Gandhi had a friendly and productive relationship with Hills, but the two men took a different view on the continued LVS membership of fellow committee member Thomas Allinson.

Their disagreement is the first known example of Gandhi challenging authority, despite his pandit satyadev dubey biography of mahatma gandhi and temperamental disinclination towards confrontation. Allinson had been promoting newly available birth control methodsbut Hills disapproved of these, believing they undermined public morality.

He believed vegetarianism to be a moral movement and that Allinson should therefore no longer remain a member of the LVS. Gandhi shared Hills' views on the dangers of birth control, but defended Allinson's right to differ. Hills was also a highly accomplished sportsman who later founded the football club West Ham United. In his An Autobiography, Vol.

IGandhi wrote:. The question deeply interested me I had a high regard for Mr. Hills and his generosity. But I thought it was quite improper to exclude a man from a vegetarian society simply because he refused to regard puritan morals as one of the objects of the society [ 50 ]. A motion to remove Allinson was raised, and was debated and voted on by the committee.

Gandhi's shyness was an obstacle to his defence of Allinson at the committee meeting. Gandhi wrote his views down on paper, but shyness prevented Gandhi from reading out his arguments, so Hills, the President, asked another committee member to read them out for him. Although some other members of the committee agreed with Gandhi, the vote was lost and Allinson was excluded.

There were no hard feelings, with Hills proposing the toast at the LVS farewell dinner in honour of Gandhi's return to India. Gandhi, at age 22, was called to the bar in June and then left London for India, where he learned that his mother had died while he was in London and that his family had kept the news from Gandhi. He returned to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants, but Gandhi was forced to stop after running afoul of British officer Sam Sunny.

Abdullah owned a large successful shipping business in South Africa. His distant cousin in Johannesburg needed a lawyer, and they preferred someone with Kathiawari heritage. Gandhi inquired about his pay for the work. He accepted it, knowing that it would be at least a one-year commitment in the Colony of NatalSouth Africa, also a part of the British Empire.

Immediately upon arriving in South Africa, Gandhi faced discrimination due to his skin colour and heritage. Gandhi was kicked by a police officer out of the footpath onto the street without warning. Gandhi found it humiliating, struggling to understand how some people can feel honour or superiority or pleasure in such inhumane practices. The Abdullah case that had brought him to South Africa concluded in Mayand the Indian community organised a farewell party for Gandhi as he prepared to return to India.

This led to Gandhi extending his original period of stay in South Africa. Gandhi planned to assist Indians in opposing a bill to deny them the right to votea right then proposed to be an exclusive European right. He asked Joseph Chamberlainthe British Colonial Secretary, to reconsider his position on this bill. He helped found the Natal Indian Congress in[ 49 ] [ 59 ] and through this organisation, Gandhi moulded the Indian community of South Africa into a unified political force.

In Januarywhen Gandhi landed in Durban, a mob of white settlers attacked him, [ 63 ] and Gandhi escaped only through the efforts of the wife of the police superintendent. According to Arthur Herman, Gandhi wanted to disprove the British colonial stereotype that Hindus were not fit for "manly" activities involving danger and exertion, unlike the Muslim " martial races.

They were trained and medically certified to serve on the front lines. They were auxiliaries at the Battle of Colenso to a White volunteer ambulance corps. At the Battle of Spion KopGandhi and his bearers moved to the front line and had to carry wounded soldiers for miles to a field hospital since the terrain was too rough for the ambulances.

Inthe Transvaal government promulgated a new Act compelling registration of the colony's Indian and Chinese populations. At a mass protest meeting held in Johannesburg on 11 September that year, Gandhi adopted his still evolving methodology of Satyagraha devotion to the truthor nonviolent protest, for the first time. His ideas of protests, persuasion skills, and public relations had emerged.

Gandhi took these back to India in Gandhi focused his attention on Indians and Africans while he was in South Africa. Initially, Gandhi was not interested in politics, but this changed after he was discriminated against and bullied, such as by being thrown out of a train coach due to his skin colour by a white train official. After several such incidents with Whites in South AfricaGandhi's thinking and focus changed, and he felt he must resist this and fight for rights.

Gandhi entered politics by forming the Natal Indian Congress. He suffered persecution from the beginning in South Africa. Like with other coloured people, white officials denied Gandhi his rights, and the press and those in the streets bullied and called Gandhi a "parasite", "semi-barbarous", "canker", "squalid coolie", "yellow man", and other epithets.

People would even spit on him as an expression of racial hate. While in South Africa, Gandhi focused on the racial persecution of Indians before he started to focus on racism against Africans. In some cases, state Desai and Vahed, Gandhi's behaviour was one of being a willing part of racial stereotyping and African exploitation. Gandhi cited race history and European Orientalists' opinions that "Anglo-Saxons and Indians are sprung from the same Aryan stock or rather the Indo-European peoples" and argued that Indians should not be grouped with the Africans.

Years later, Gandhi and his colleagues served and helped Africans as nurses and by opposing racism. InGandhi started the Indian Opiniona journal that carried news of Indians in South Africa, Indians in India with articles on all subjects -social, moral and intellectual. Each issue was multi-lingual and carried material in English, Gujarati, Hindi and Tamil.

It carried ads, depended heavily on Gandhi's contributions often printed without a byline and was an 'advocate' for the Indian cause. Inwhen the Bambatha Rebellion broke out in the colony of Natalthe then year-old Gandhi, despite sympathising with the Zulu rebels, encouraged Indian South Africans to form a volunteer stretcher-bearer unit.

The medical unit commanded by Gandhi operated for less than two months before being disbanded. This led Gandhi to becoming disillusioned with the Empire and aroused a spiritual awakening within him; historian Arthur L. Herman wrote that Gandhi's African experience was a part of his great disillusionment with the West, transforming Gandhi into an "uncompromising non-cooperator".

ByGandhi's newspaper, Indian Opinionwas covering reports on discrimination against Africans by the colonial regime. Gandhi remarked that the Africans "alone are the original inhabitants of the land. InGandhi established, with the help of his friend Hermann Kallenbachan idealistic community they named Tolstoy Farm near Johannesburg. In the years after black South Africans gained the right to vote in South AfricaGandhi was proclaimed a national hero with numerous monuments.

AndrewsGandhi returned to India in He brought an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and community organiser. Gandhi joined the Indian National Congress and was introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people primarily by Gokhale. Gokhale was a key leader of the Congress Party best known for his restraint and moderation, and his insistence on working inside the system.

Gandhi took Gokhale's liberal approach based on British Whiggish traditions and transformed it to make it look Indian. Gandhi took leadership of the Congress in and began escalating demands until on 26 January the Indian National Congress declared the independence of India. The British did not recognise the declaration, but negotiations ensued, with the Congress taking a role in provincial government in the late s.

Gandhi and the Congress withdrew their support of the Raj when the Viceroy declared war on Germany in September without consultation. Tensions escalated until Gandhi demanded immediate independence inand the British responded by imprisoning him and tens of pandits satyadev dubey biography of mahatma gandhi of Congress leaders. Meanwhile, the Muslim League did co-operate with Britain and moved, against Gandhi's strong opposition, to demands for a totally separate Muslim state of Pakistan.

In Augustthe British partitioned the land with India and Pakistan each achieving independence on terms that Gandhi disapproved. In a June leaflet entitled "Appeal for Enlistment", Gandhi wrote: "To bring about such a state of things we should have the ability to defend ourselves, that is, the ability to bear arms and to use them If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army.

Gandhi's support for the war campaign brought into question his consistency on nonviolence. Gandhi's private secretary noted that "The question of the consistency between his creed of ' Ahimsa ' nonviolence and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since. Therefore, Gandhi felt that Indians needed to be willing and capable of using arms before they voluntarily chose non-violence.

In JulyGandhi said that he could not persuade even one individual to enlist for the world war. He added: "They object because they fear to die. Gandhi's first major achievement came in with the Champaran agitation in Bihar. The Champaran agitation pitted the local peasantry against largely Anglo-Indian plantation owners who were backed by the local administration.

The peasants were forced to grow indigo Indigofera sp. Unhappy with this, the peasantry appealed to Gandhi at his ashram in Ahmedabad. Pursuing a strategy of nonviolent protest, Gandhi took the administration by surprise and won concessions from the authorities. InKheda was hit by floods and famine and the peasantry was demanding relief from taxes.

Gandhi moved his headquarters to Nadiad[ 94 ] organising scores of supporters and fresh volunteers from the region, the most notable being Vallabhbhai Patel. A social boycott of mamlatdars and talatdars revenue officials within the district accompanied the agitation. Gandhi worked hard to win public support for the agitation across the country.

For five months, the administration refused, but by the end of Maythe government gave way on important provisions and relaxed the conditions of payment of revenue tax until the famine ended. In Kheda, Vallabhbhai Patel represented the farmers in negotiations with the British, who suspended revenue collection and released all the prisoners. Infollowing World War I, Gandhi aged 49 sought political co-operation from Muslims in his fight against British imperialism by supporting the Ottoman Empire that had been defeated in the World War.

Before this initiative of Gandhi, communal disputes and religious riots between Hindus and Muslims were common in British India, such as the riots of — Gandhi had already vocally supported the British crown in the first world war. The British colonial officials made their counter move by passing the Rowlatt Actto block Gandhi's movement.

The Act allowed the British government to treat civil disobedience participants as criminals and gave it the legal basis to arrest anyone for "preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without judicial review or any need for a trial. Gandhi felt that Hindu-Muslim co-operation was necessary for political progress against the British.

He leveraged the Khilafat movementwherein Sunni Muslims in India, their leaders such as the sultans of princely states in India and Ali brothers championed the Turkish Caliph as a solidarity symbol of Sunni Islamic community ummah. It initially led to a strong Muslim support for Gandhi. However, the Hindu leaders including Rabindranath Tagore questioned Gandhi's leadership because they were largely against recognising or supporting the Sunni Islamic Caliph in Turkey.

The increasing Muslim support for Gandhi, after he championed the Caliph's cause, temporarily stopped the Hindu-Muslim communal violence. It offered evidence of inter-communal harmony in joint Rowlatt satyagraha demonstration rallies, raising Gandhi's stature as the political leader to the British. Jinnah began creating his independent support, and later went on to lead the demand for West and East Pakistan.

Though they agreed in general terms on Indian independence, they disagreed on the means of achieving this. Jinnah was mainly interested in dealing with the British via constitutional negotiation, rather than attempting to agitate the masses. Inthe Khilafat movement gradually collapsed following the end of the non-cooperation movement with the arrest of Gandhi.

With his book Hind Swaraj Gandhi, aged 40, declared that British rule was established in India with the co-operation of Indians and had survived only because of this co-operation. If Indians refused to co-operate, British rule would collapse and swaraj Indian independence would come. In FebruaryGandhi cautioned the Viceroy of India with a cable communication that if the British were to pass the Rowlatt Acthe would appeal to Indians to start civil disobedience.

The satyagraha civil disobedience followed, with people assembling to protest the Rowlatt Act. On 30 MarchBritish law officers opened fire on an assembly of unarmed people, peacefully gathered, participating in satyagraha in Delhi. People rioted in retaliation. On 6 Aprila Hindu festival day, Gandhi asked a crowd to remember not to injure or kill British people, but to express their frustration with peace, to boycott British goods and burn any British clothing they owned.

Pandit satyadev dubey biography of mahatma gandhi: Satyadev Dubey was born on July

He emphasised the use of non-violence to the British and towards each other, even if the other side used violence. Communities across India announced plans to gather in greater numbers to protest. Government warned him not to enter Delhi, but Gandhi defied the order and was arrested on 9 April. On 13 Aprilpeople including women with children gathered in an Amritsar park, and British Indian Army officer Reginald Dyer surrounded them and ordered troops under his command to fire on them.

The resulting Jallianwala Bagh massacre or Amritsar massacre of hundreds of Sikh and Hindu civilians enraged the subcontinent but was supported by some Britons and parts of the British media as a necessary response. Gandhi in Ahmedabad, on the day after the massacre in Amritsar, did not criticise the British and instead criticised his fellow countrymen for not exclusively using 'love' to deal with the 'hate' of the British government.

The massacre and Gandhi's non-violent response to it moved many, but also made some Sikhs and Hindus upset that Dyer was getting away with murder. Investigation committees were formed by the British, which Gandhi asked Indians to boycott. With Congress now behind Gandhi, and Muslim support triggered by his backing the Khilafat movement to restore the Caliph in Turkey, [ ] Gandhi had the political support and the attention of the British Raj.

Gandhi expanded his nonviolent non-co-operation platform to include the swadeshi policy — the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. Linked to this was his advocacy that khadi homespun cloth be worn by all Indians instead of British-made textiles. Gandhi exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day spinning khadi in support of the independence movement.

Gandhi thus began his journey aimed at crippling the British India government economically, politically and administratively. The appeal of "Non-cooperation" grew, its social popularity drew participation from all strata of Indian society. Gandhi was arrested on 10 Marchtried for sedition, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment. He began his sentence on 18 March With Gandhi isolated in prison, the Indian National Congress split into two factions, one led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favouring party participation in the legislatures, and the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patelopposing this move.

Muslim leaders left the Congress and began forming Muslim organisations. The political base behind Gandhi had broken into factions. He was released in February for an appendicitis operation, having served only two years. After his early release from prison for political crimes inGandhi continued to pursue swaraj over the second half of the s.

He pushed through a resolution at the Calcutta Congress in December calling on the British government to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-cooperation with complete independence for the country as its goal. The British did not respond favourably to Gandhi's proposal. British political leaders such as Lord Birkenhead and Winston Churchill announced opposition to "the appeasers of Gandhi" in their discussions with European diplomats who sympathised with Indian demands.

This day was commemorated by almost every other Indian organisation. Gandhi then launched a new Satyagraha against the British salt tax in March He sent an ultimatum in the form of a letter personally addressed to Lord Irwin, the viceroy of India, on 2 March. Gandhi condemned British rule in the letter, describing it as "a curse" that "has impoverished the dumb millions by a system of progressive exploitation and by a ruinously expensive military and civil administration It has reduced us politically to serfdom.

This was highlighted by the Salt March to Dandi from 12 March to 6 April, pandit satyadev dubey biography of mahatma gandhi, together with 78 volunteers, Gandhi marched kilometres mi from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself, with the declared intention of breaking the salt laws. The march took 25 days to cover miles with Gandhi speaking to often huge crowds along the way.

Thousands of Indians joined him in Dandi. According to Sarma, Gandhi recruited women to participate in the salt tax campaigns and the boycott of foreign products, which gave many women a new self-confidence and dignity in the mainstream of Indian public life. On 5 May, Gandhi was interned under a regulation dating from in anticipation of a protest that he had planned.

The protest at Dharasana salt works on 21 May went ahead without Gandhi. A horrified American journalist, Webb Millerdescribed the British response thus:. In complete silence the Gandhi men drew up and halted a hundred yards from the stockade.

Pandit satyadev dubey biography of mahatma gandhi: Noted playwright, actor and

A picked column advanced from the crowd, waded the ditches and approached the barbed wire stockade Not one of the marchers even raised an arm to fend off blows. They went down like ninepins. From where I stood I heard the sickening whack of the clubs on unprotected skulls Those struck down fell sprawling, unconscious or writhing with fractured skulls or broken shoulders.

This went on for hours until some or more protesters had been beaten, many seriously injured and two killed. At no time did they offer any resistance. After Gandhi's arrest, the women marched and picketed shops on their own, accepting violence and verbal abuse from British authorities for the cause in the manner Gandhi inspired.

This campaign was one of Gandhi's most successful at upsetting British hold on India; Britain responded by imprisoning over 60, people. Among them was one of Gandhi's lieutenants, Jawaharlal Nehru. Indian Congress in the s appealed to Andhra Pradesh peasants by creating Telugu language plays that combined Indian mythology and legends, linked them to Gandhi's ideas, and portrayed Gandhi as a messiaha reincarnation of ancient and medieval Indian nationalist leaders and saints.

The plays built support among peasants steeped in traditional Hindu culture, according to Murali, and this effort made Gandhi a folk hero in Telugu speaking villages, a sacred messiah-like figure. According to Dennis Dalton, it was Gandhi's ideas that were responsible for his wide following. Gandhi criticised Western civilisation as one driven by "brute force and immorality", contrasting it with his categorisation of Indian civilisation as one driven by "soul force and morality.

After he returned to India, people flocked to Gandhi because he reflected their values. Gandhi also campaigned hard going from one rural corner of the Indian subcontinent to another. He used terminology and phrases such as Rama -rajya from RamayanaPrahlada as a paradigmatic icon, and such cultural symbols as another facet of swaraj and satyagraha.

The government, represented by Lord Irwindecided to negotiate with Gandhi. The Gandhi—Irwin Pact was signed in March The British Government agreed to free all political prisonersin return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. According to the pact, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London for discussions and as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress.

The conference was a disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists. Gandhi expected to discuss India's independence, while the British side focused on the Indian princes and Indian minorities rather than on a transfer of power. Lord Irwin's successor, Lord Willingdontook a hard line against India as an independent nation, began a new campaign of controlling and subduing the nationalist movement.

Gandhi was again arrested, and the government tried and failed to negate his influence by completely isolating him from his followers. In Britain, Winston Churchilla prominent Conservative politician who was then out of office but later became its prime minister, became a vigorous and articulate critic of Gandhi and opponent of his long-term plans.

Churchill often ridiculed Gandhi, saying in a widely reported speech:. It is alarming and also nauseating to see Mr Gandhi, a seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir of a type well known in the East, striding half-naked up the steps of the Vice-regal palace Churchill's bitterness against Gandhi grew in the s. He called Gandhi as the one who was "seditious in aim" whose evil genius and multiform menace was attacking the British empire.

Churchill called him a dictator, a "Hindu Mussolini ", fomenting a race war, trying to replace the Raj with Brahmin cronies, playing on the ignorance of Indian masses, all for selfish gain. It gained Churchill sympathetic support, but it also increased support for Gandhi among Europeans. The developments heightened Churchill's anxiety that the "British themselves would give up out of pacifism and misplaced conscience.

During the discussions between Gandhi and the British government over —32 at the Round Table ConferencesGandhi, now aged about 62, sought constitutional reforms as a preparation to the end of colonial British rule, and begin the self-rule by Indians. The British negotiators proposed constitutional reforms on a British Dominion model that established separate electorates based on religious and social divisions.

The British questioned the Congress party and Gandhi's authority to speak for all of India. Ambedkar as the representative leader of the untouchables. The Second Round Table conference was the only time Gandhi left India between and his death in Gandhi declined the government's offer of accommodation in an expensive West End hotel, preferring to stay in the East Endto live among working-class people, as he did in India.

Pandit satyadev dubey biography of mahatma gandhi: Born in in Bilaspur, Madhya

There was a wave of huge anger among people for this, and they kept protesting and rioting. They organized a gathering in Amritsar Punjab. Many people, including Females and children, were gathered in the Park, and a British officer named Reginald Dyer surrounded them and shot them. Hundreds of Sikhs and Hindu citizens were killed in that ParkPark.

Many more were injured; they all were unarmed, and this incident is called Amritsar Massacre or Jaliyawala Bagh Massacre. When people in India came to know about this, there was a huge pandit satyadev dubey biography of mahatma gandhi of hatred and anger in India. On the next day, instead of showing any anger or saying anything bad to Government, Gandhi asked the Indian public to be polite and reply to them with love and nonviolence.

But the condition kept getting worse, and Gandhi took a pledge of Fasting till death to Stop Violence and property destruction. After this Massacre, a huge amount of the Sikh and Hindu Community was in a huge rage that they wanted to kill Dyer. Even the British Government itself criticized him for the decision and asked to find other and less harmful ways to control the CrowdCrowd.

Later they fired Dyer from the Punjab position and asked him to go back to his country. Still, neither Indian nor Gandhi was happy with their decision, and he understood that there was no other way except for the " Swaraj" Self-rule to get the right manner of Justice and equal human rights for Indians. In the massacre, nearly Indians died and didn't get the right justice which made Gandhi sure to start a new Journey of Independence, and he started it by rejoining the Congress Party and getting Political support from the British Raj and India; he picked a month of Christmas to deliver a message to Indian that it's not because of British Guns but imperfections and less unity of Indians that keep their country under others.

InGandhi became the leader of the Indian National Congress and extended his nonviolence plan to the Swadeshi Policy, where he asked Indians to Boycott all Goods of British manufacturers. He starts wearing Khadi homespun Cloth. Many Indians doesn't matter if they were Men, Women, Young, Old, Rich, or Poor; they joined him and started supporting him by manufacturing and wearing the Cloth with him.

After this, Gandhi asked Indians to leave all the jobs offered by Government and to return the honors given by the British Government. He also asked students to not take admissions to British Universities and colleges. This was a Smart move by Gandhi to attack British Indian Government economically and politically, but Gandhi was being arrested and sent to jail for 6 years for " Tried for agitation ".

After he went to Jail, the Indian National Congress was divided into two parts. Later, many Muslim leaders also left the Party and started making their Muslim Parties. So with Gandhi's Jail, all his political support and Congress were divided and weakened, but because of his pandit satyadev dubey biography of mahatma gandhi, he was released early from prison, and in he was back to his Swaraj policy.

There was a huge issue between the Hindu and Muslim communities and Riots against each other at that time. Gandhi supported the Khilafat movement to get mixed results, and Muslims started supporting him back. His support for this movement helped get good political support and sideline Mohammad Ali Jinnaha Muslim leader. He announced his non-support to Gandhi for his non-violent approach.

Inthe Khilafat Movement ended, and all the political support that Gandhi was getting parted into different parts created a rage among Hindus and Muslims again. Also, 91 new riots took place at that and created hard situations in both communities. On 2 nd February, some people in the non-cooperation movement, which retired Policemen led, were marching against British Government because of the high prices of food and sale of liquor at Gauri Baazar in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.

But inspector arrested many leaders and put them in Chauri Chaura Police Station. In response, Protestors Organized another Protest on 4 th February. They shouted Anti British slogans, and Armed Forces were there to control the Crowd in order to scare them, they fired in the air, but this move went wrong, and the public started throwing stones at them.

Police found them with no choice and fired on some people whom three people died and left were injured, and the Crowd went out of control due to being Furious. Frightened Policemen went to the "Chowki" police stations to save their life, but Crowd was so angry that they lit up the station, and nearby Policemen were burned alive there. In which a policeman named " Jhathai Ram " wasn't in police chauki but he was thrown into the burning station.

When Gandhi came to know about this incident, he was disappointed and blamed himself for this as he made India aware of their Independence. Now they are in extreme danger that they are not ready for fighting against British Government. Many people were arrested for this incident, and later Gandhi himself was arrested and jailed for 6 years, but before going to Jail, he called off his Civil Obedience.

Many leaders in National Congress were against Gandhi's this decision as they found India trying hard for Independence. In when Gandhi came out of Jail early, he again started to chase the Swaraj; inhe asked British Government to grant them their freedom or to be ready to face another non-cooperation campaign, but till then, after the failure of the old movements, many leaders and freedom fighters were against his nonviolence approach.

The fight for freedom was divided into two parts. Few leaders like Subhash Chandra Bose and Bhagat Singh were in the team who were saying " violence is the only key to getting independence ". In contrast, some supported Gandhi in their Nonviolence approach, but the entire nation had only a goal of Full Independence. Gandhi waited for a year but did not get any relevant answer from the British Government.

Many British leaders showed their anger and announced that Gandhi's Appraisal was wrong and did not let it get fulfilled any Indian Demands. On the last day of the yearan Indian Flag was fluttered by the Indians in Lahore now in Pakistan. Thousands of Indians joined him for support. This wasn't easy, and British Soldiers used " lathi bamboo sticks on the protestors to stop them, and beat them for hours, but the Protest went on for many days.

But this Protest included Indian Females, and even after the arrest of Gandhi, females led to the Protest with new and positive confidence. This smart move of Gandhi to take out a householder worked so well, and British Government was stressed by the Protest. Gandhi's notable career began in South Africa, where he first encountered the harsh realities of racial discrimination.

After arriving in Durban in to fulfill a legal contract, Gandhi was shocked by the unsettling treatment of Indian immigrants by the white authorities. His pivotal moment occurred during a train journey when he was forcibly removed from a first-class compartment simply for being Indian, despite holding a valid ticket. This incident ignited a fire within him, leading Gandhi to dedicate himself to combating discrimination and the deep-seated prejudice against Indians in South Africa through peaceful means.

In response to the injustices he witnessed, Gandhi established the Natal Indian Congress inaiming to address and alleviate the suffering of his fellow Indian citizens. His approach combined the principles of nonviolence and passive resistance, emphasizing moral courage over physical aggression. Through these efforts, Gandhi not only fought for civil rights but also fostered a sense of unity among the Indian community, laying the groundwork for his later role as a leader in India's fight for freedom.

Mahatma Gandhi, known for his leadership in India's non-violent struggle for independence against British rule, made significant contributions to civil rights both in India and South Africa. His journey began when he encountered racial discrimination in South Africa, prompting him to develop the philosophy of Satyagraha, or "truth and firmness.

Gandhi organized various campaigns, including the Natal Indian Congress, to address the injustices faced by Indians in South Africa. His experiences there laid the groundwork for his future leadership in India, where he galvanized mass movements against British policies. In India, Gandhi's strategy of civil disobedience gained momentum through numerous campaigns, including the Salt March inwhich protested against the British monopoly on salt and tax policies.

This iconic march became a powerful symbol of resistance and drew international attention to India's plight. By promoting the principle of self-reliance, he encouraged Indians to produce their own goods and boycott British products. Gandhi's ability to mobilize the masses around issues of injustice inspired widespread participation in the independence movement, making him a unifying figure and a catalyst for change, ultimately leading to India's independence in Audibility of an actor was paramount to him.

He tasted everything. Although his passion was theatre, he dabbled in television Mouthful of Skyfilm screenplays Junoon, Arth, Mandi, etc. In he stood for the Lok Sabha elections as an Independent candidate under the symbol of a Batsman — an oblique reference to the REAL reason why he came to Bombay, to become a cricketer. Dubeyji had an incisive and independent way of looking at the world and at texts.

This allowed him to be fearless in his artistic choices; in turn dazzling us or failing spectacularly. In his work he was always trying to push the boundaries. Mahesh Elkunchwar recalls how Dubeyji edited one of his plays in such an insightful way, that even though half of it was torn out, it made the play better. While plays are transient, his real legacy is in the actors he trained and inspired.